Abstract
Abstract. Within appearing the global financial crisis, standard macroeconomic approaches, in particular, monetary policies conducted prior to global recession have become targets of harsh criticism because of their weakness against these imbalances. The recession was a consequence of multiple factors including excessive private and public debt, poor financial surveillance and incapability of institutional structure to cope with potential risk sources. However, due to the nature of the recession, monetary authorities have been accused much more because of uncertainties relating to their mandates, weakness of their precautionary signaling and also time-inconsistency problems of policy transmission channels.In addition, because of limited effects of both conventional and unconventional measures, the urgent need to revise mandates of monetary authorities and totally the nature of monetary policy is the topic attracting significant attention. In this context, reassessment of cardinalshifting in monetary policies and implementation of fundamental realignments to the conventional central banking conception can be noted as challenges of post-crisis period.
Keywords. Monetary policy, Central banking, Financial crisis, Unconventional measures, Financial stability.
JEL. E52, E58, G01.References
Adrian, T., & Shin, H. (2008). Liquidity, Monetary Policy, and Financial Cycles, Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 14(1), 1-7.
Andersson, M., & Hofmann, B. (2010). Gauging the Effectiveness of Central Bank Forward Guidance, in Inflation Targeting twenty years on: Past Lessons and Future Prospects. Cambridge University Press, New York, 368-397. doi. 10.1017/cbo9780511779770.015
Bank of England (2013). Financial Stability Report, No. 33.
Barro, R.J., & Gordon, D.B. (1983). Rules, Discretion, and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy, Journal of Monetary Economics, 12(1), 101-121, doi. 10.1016/0304-3932(83)90051-x
Bech, M.L., Gambacorta, L., & Kharroubi, E. (2014). Monetary Policy in a Downturn: Are Financial Crises Special? , International Finance, 17(1), 99-119, doi. 10.1111/infi.12040
Benford, J., Berry, S., Nikolov, K., & Young, C. (2009). Quantitative easing, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, Q2. [Retrieved from].
Bernanke, B., Gertler, M., & Gilchrist, S. (1996). The Financial Accelerator and the Flight to Quality, Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(1), 1-15, doi. 10.2307/2109844
Bernanke, B., & Gertler, M. (2000). Monetary Policy and Asset Price Volatility, NBER Working Papers, No. 7559. doi. 10.3386/w7559
Bernanke, B., & Gertler, M. (2001). Should Central Banks Respond to Movements in Asset Prices?, American Economic Review, 91(2), 253-257. doi. 10.1257/aer.91.2.253
Bernanke, B. (2005). The global saving glut and the U.S. current account deficit, Remarks at the Sandridge Lecture, Virginia Association of Economics, March 10. Richmond. [Retieved from].
Bernanke, B. (2009). The crisis and the policy response, Speech at the Stamp Lecture, London School of Economics, January 13. [Retrieved from].
Bekaert, G., Hoerova, M., & Lo Duca, M. (2013), Risk, Uncertainty and Monetary Policy, ECB Working Paper Series, No. 1565. [Retrieved from].
Blanchard, O.J., Dell’ Ariccia, G., Mauro, P. (2013). Rethinking Macro Policy II: Getting Granual, IMF Staff Discussion Note. SDN/13/03. doi. 10.5089/9781484363478.006
Blanchard, O.J., Dell'Ariccia, G., & Mauro, P. (2010). Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 42(1), 199-215. doi. 10.1111/j.1538-4616.2010.00334.x
Blanchard, O. (2013). Monetary Policy will Never be the Same, IMF Global Economy Forum, [Retrieved from].
Borio, C., & Lowe, P. (2002). Asset Prices, Financial and Monetary Stability: Exploring the Nexus, BIS Working Paper, No. 114. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.846305
Brainard, L. (2015). Unconventional Monetary Policy and Cross-Border Spillovers, Remarks at Unconventional Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies. 16th Jacques Polak Annual Research Conference, 12 May, Zurich. [Retrieved from].
Calvo, G.A. (1978). On the Time Consistency of Optimal Policy in a Monetary Economy, Econometrica, 46(6), 1411-1428. doi. 10.2307/1913836
Cecchetti, S., Genberg, H., Lipsky, J., & Sushil, W. (2000). Asset Prices and Central Bank Policy, Geneva Reports on the World Economy, 23(2), 315. doi. 10.1016/s0164-0704(01)80009-4
Del Negro, M., Giannoni, M., & Patterson, C. (2012). The Forward Guidance Puzzle, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, No. 574. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.2163750
European Central Bank, (2015). The Role of the Central Bank Balance Sheet in Monetary Policy, Economic Bulletin Issue, 4, 1-17. [Retrieved from].
Eggertsson, G., & Jonathan, D.O. (2005). Does Excess Liquidity Pose a Threat in Japan?, IMF Policy Discussion Paper, No. 5/05.
Gambacorta, L., & Signoretti, F. (2013). Should Monetary Policy Lean Against the Wind? , Bank of Italy, Working Papers, No. 921. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.2293882
Gilchrist, S., & Leahy, J.V. (2002). Monetary Policy and Asset Prices, Journal of Monetary Economics, 49(1), 75-97. doi. 10.1016/S0304-3932(01)00093-9
Goodfriend, M. (2007), How the World Achieved Consensus on Monetary Policy, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(4), 47-68. doi. 10.1257/jep.21.4.47
Goodfriend, M., & King, M. (1997). The new Neoclassical Synthesis and the Role of Monetary Policy, NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 231-283. doi. 10.1086/654336
Greenspan, A. (2002). Opening Remarks, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Symposium: Rethinking Stabilization Policy, [Retrieved from].
Iacoviello, M. (2005). House Prices, Borrowing Constraints and Monetary Policy in the Business Cycle, American Economic Review, 95(3), 739-764. doi. 10.1257/0002828054201477
IMF, (2013a). Global Financial Stability Report: Old Risk, New Challenges, IMF, doi. 10.5089/9781475589580.082
IMF, (2013b). Global Impact and Challenges of Unconventıonal Monetary Policies, IMF Policy Paper, [Retrieved from].
IMF, (2013c).Taper talks: What to expect when the United States is tightening, World Economic Outlook, October. [Retrieved from].
IMF, (2016). World Economic Outlook, April, doi. 10.5089/9781498398589.081
Jiménez, G., Ongena, S., Peydró, J.L., & Salas, S.J. (2008). Hazardous Times For Monetary Policy: What Do Twenty-Three Million Bank Loans Say About The Effects Of Monetary Policy On Credit Risk-Taking?, Banco de Espana, Working Papers, No. 0833. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.1333538
Kawai, M., & Morgan, P.J. (2012). Central Banking for Financial Stability in Asia, Public Policy Review, 8(3), 215-246. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.2139344
Krugman, P. (1998). It’s Baaack: Japan’s Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 29(2), 137-205. doi. 10.2307/2534694
Kydland, F.E., & Prescott E. (1977). Rules rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans, Journal of Political Economic, 85(3), 473-491. doi. 10.1086/260580
Lenza, M., Pill, H., & Reichlin, L. (2010). Monetary Policy in Exceptional Times, ECB Working Paper Series, No.1253. doi. 10.1111/j.1468-0327.2010.00240.x
Martin, C., & Milas, C. (2012). Quantitative Easing: A Skeptical Survey, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 28(4), 750-764. doi. 10.1093/oxrep/grs029
Matsuyama, K. (2007). Credit Traps and Credit Cycles, American Economic Review, 97(1), 503-516. doi. 10.1257/aer.97.1.503
Meltzer, A. (2010). The Fed’s Anti-Inflation Exit Strategy Will Fail, The Wall Street Journal. Jan, 27. [Retrieved from].
Mishkin, F.S. (2011). Monetary Policy Strategy: Lessons from the Crisis, NBER Working Papers. No. 16755. doi. 10.3386/w16755
Moessner, R., & Nelson W.R. (2008). Central Bank Policy Rate Guidance and Financial Market Functioning, BIS Working Papers, No. 248. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.1120307
OECD, (2011). Evolving Paradigms in Economic Policy Making, OECD at 50: Economic Outlook, 2011(1). doi. 10.1787/eco_outlook-v2011-1-48-en
OECD, (2016). Interim Economic Outlook, February, OECD Economic Outlook. doi. 10.1787/eco_outlook-v2015-sup2-en
Oppers, E. (2013). How to Make a Graceful Exit: The Potential Perils of Ending Extraordinary Central Bank Policies, IMF Global Economy Forum. [Retrieved from].
Pally, T.I. (2011). Monetary Policy and Central Banking after the Crisis: The Implications of Rethinking Macroeconomic Theory, IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, No. 8/2011. [Retrieved from].
Peersman, G. (2011). Macroeconomic Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy in the Euro Area, ECB Working Paper Series, No. 1037. [Retrieved from].
Rajan, R. (2006). Has Finance Made the World Riskier?, European Financial Management, 12(4), 499-533. doi. 10.1111/j.1468-036x.2006.00330.x
Rajan, R. (2013). A Step in the Dark: Unconventional Monetary Policy after the Crisis, Andrew Crockett Memorial Lecture, BIS, [Retrieved from].
Rogoff, K. (1989). Reputation, Coordination, and Monetary Policy, in R Barro (ed), Modern Business Cycle Theory, Harvard University Press, p.236-264.
Sanchez, M. (2011). Financial Crises: Prevention, Correction, and Monetary Policy, Cato Journal, 31(3), 521-534.
Sauer, S. (2010). Discretion Rather than Rules? When is Discretionary Policy Making Better than the Timeless Perspective?, International Journal of Central Banking, 6(2), 1-29.
Smets, F. (2013). Financial Stability and Monetary Policy: how closely interlinked, Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review, 10(2), 263-300.
Spiegel, M. (2001). Quantitative Easing by the Bank of Japan, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, No. 2001-31.
Stark, J. (2010). In Search of a Robust Monetary Policy Framework, Keynote speech at the 6th ECB Central Banking Conference Approaches to monetary policy revisited - lessons from the crisis, 19 November, Frankfurt.
Stone, M., Fujita, K., & Ishi K. (2011). Should Unconventional Balance Sheet Policies be added to the Central Bank Toolkit? A Review of the Experience So Far, IMF Working Paper, No. 11/145, doi. 10.5089/9781455268467.001
Taylor, J. (2010). An Exit Rule for Monetary Policy, processed at Stanford University. [Retrieved from].
Ugai, H. (2006). Effects of the Quantitative Easing Policy: A survey of empirical analyses, Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, No. 06-E-10. 1-48. [Retrieved from].
Vale, P.H. (2014). Central Bank Challenges after the Financial Crisis, NManagement and Organizational Studies, 1(2), 67-77. doi. 10.5430/mos.v1n2p67
Viñals, J., Gray, S., & Eckhold, K. (2016). The Broader View: The Positive Effects of Negative Nominal Interest Rates, IMF Global Economy Forum. [Retreved from].
Weber, A.A. (2011). Challenges for Monetary Policy in the European Monetary Union, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 93(4), 235-242. [Retrieved from].
White, W. (2004). Making Macro-prudential Concerns Operational, Speech delivered at a Financial Stability Symposium organized by the Netherlands Bank, 1 April, Amsterdam. [Retrieved from].
Woodford, M. (2012). Methods of Policy Accommodation at the Interest Rate Lower Bound, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, The Changing Policy Landscape: 2012 Jackson Hole Symposium. doi. 10.7916/D8Z899CJ
Yellen, J. (2012). Revolution and Evolution in Central Bank Communications, Speech at the Haas School of Business, Berkeley.