Lessons learnt for Rwanda from China’s poverty reduction strategies: Policy analysis review
PDF

Supplementary Files

Form 6 - Copyright Form
Form 7 - Conflict Relation Interests Form
Form 8 - Compliance with Ethical and Scientific Principle
Form 9 Data Sets

Keywords

Poverty reduction
Strategy
Policy
Rwanda
China.

How to Cite

BIKORIMANA, G., & SUN, S. (2019). Lessons learnt for Rwanda from China’s poverty reduction strategies: Policy analysis review. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 6(2), 52–98. https://doi.org/10.1453/jeb.v6i2.1884

Abstract

Abstract. The present study analyzed the possible lessons to learn in Rwanda from the China performance experiences in poverty reduction tragedies. Over the last 35 years, China has impressively made enormous treads in its fight averse to poverty as it has changed in one of the greatest vibrant economies in the global. The China success in poverty reduction is dedicated largely to different economic reforms which lead to economic growth, implementation of poverty lessening strategies, rural development programs and as well as open door policies. Recently, China has been serving as an economic role model for many developing countries including African states due to its substantial progress in fighting against poverty.  In the same way, Rwanda is still struggling with a high rate of poverty even if there is a huge achievement but still there is a long journey to go. The growing cooperation between China and Rwanda are frequently elucidated by the country's call for its natural resources to be based on country development, China is an astonishing example which clearly indicates how a country can revolt from poverty within a decade and be a leading performer on the worldwide scene. From this perspective, there are some policy lessons that African countries including Rwanda can learn from the socio-economic transformation success of China. Even if Rwanda has been gradually facing the developmental restrictions which China did not, and given that the background for Rwandan country differs too much with China, it is worthwhile to draw important lessons from China's success story on how it escaped millions of its population from poverty.

Keywords. Poverty reduction, Strategy, Policy, Rwanda, China.

JEL. H50, H70, I38.

https://doi.org/10.1453/jeb.v6i2.1884
PDF

References

Action Aid. (2012). Aid Effectiveness in Rwanda: Who Benefits? Institute of Policy Analysis and Research – Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

Albert G.Z. Hu; Gary H. Jefferson. (2008). Science and technology in China. In L. Brandt & T. Rawski (Eds.), China’s Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi. 10.1017/CBO9780511754234.010

Ali, D.A., Deininger, K., & Goldstein, M. (2011). Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda. World Bank, Washington, DC. doi. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.12.009

Bank, W. (2001). China: Overcoming Rural Poverty. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Bayane, B. M., & Yanjun, Q. (2017). Transport infrastructure development in China. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 2(1), 29–39. doi. 10.14254/jsdtl.2017.2-1.3

Bennett, J., Dixon, H., & Hu, H. (2008). The effect of reform of the Chinese dual-track price system john. CEDI Discussion Paper Series, No.08-14. [Retrieved from].

Bizimana, C., Usengumukiza, F., & Kalisa, J. (2012). Trends in Key Agricultural and Rural Development Indicators in Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

BNR, National Bank of Rwanda. (2010). Rwanda annual report 2010. Kigali, Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

Bo Q. Lin. (2003). Economic growth, income inequality, and poverty reduction in people’s Republic of China. Asian Development Review, 20(2), 105–124.

Brandt, L., Ma, D., & Rawski, T. (2016). Industrialization in China, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 10096. [Retrieved from].

Brandt, L., & Thun, E. (2016). Constructing a ladder for growth: Policy, markets, and industrial upgrading in China. World Development, 80, 78–95. doi. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.001

Brandta, N.B.-S.L., And, J.V.H.M.A.T., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Roads, railroads and decentralization of Chinese cities. Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(3), 1-53. doi. 10.1162/REST_a_00660

Chen, G., Geiger, M., & Fu, M. (2015). Manufacturing FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, Determinants, and Impact. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. [Retrieved from].

Chen, Q., Goh, C.-C., Sun, B., & Lixin Colin X. (2011). Market integration in China. World Bank Working Paper, No.5630. [Retrieved from].

Chen, S., & Ravallion, M. (2007). Poverty and hunger special feature: Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981-2004. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(43), 16757–16762. doi. 10.1073/pnas.0702930104

Cheremukhin, A., Golosov, M., Guriev, S., & Tsyvinski, A. (2015). The economy of people’s Republic of China from 1953. NBER Working Paper, No.21397. doi. 10.3386/w21397

Chow, G.C. (2004). Economic reform and growth in China. Annals of Economics and Finance, 5(1), 127-152.

Clapham, C., Rozes, A., & Clapham, C. (2001). Features rethınkıng Afrıcan states. African Security Review, 10(3), 7-16. doi. 10.1080/10246029.2001.9628110

Daniel H.R., & Hanemann, T. (2009). China’s changing outbound foreign direct investment profile: Drivers and policy implications. PIIE Policy Brief, No.Pb09-14. [Retrieved from].

David, D. (2007). Learning from China: What works and what doesn’t. Mimeo. World Bank Resident Mission, Beijing, China.

Diao, X., Fan, S., Kanyarukiga, S., & Yu, B. (2010). Agricultural Growth and Investment Options for Poverty Reduction in Rwanda. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C. [Retrieved from].

Dollar, D. (2008). Lessons from China for Africa. World Bank, East Asia and Pacific Region China/Mongolia, Working Paper, No 4531. doi. 10.1596/1813-9450-4531

Dorn, J.A. (2016). The genesis and evolution of China’s economic liberalization. CATO Institute Working Paper, No.38. doi. 10.2139/ssrn.2835474

Fan, G., & Woo, W. (1993). Decentralized socialism and macroeconomic stability: Lessons from China. Working Paper Series, No.112. [Retrieved from].

Fan, S., & Chan-kang, C. (2005). Road development, economic growth, and poverty reduction in China. International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Report, No.138. [Retrieved from].

Furen, D. (1991). Behavior of China’s state owned enterprises under the dual system. Unpublished Paper,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing. [Retrieved from].

Government of Rwanda, GOR (2000). Rwanda Vision 2020. Kigali: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. [Retrieved from].

Guan, X. (1995). Poverty and anti-poverty programmes in rural China since the mid-1980s. Socıal Polıcy Admınıstratıon, 29(3), 204–227. doi. 10.1111/j.1467-9515.1995.tb00465.x

Guan, X. (2000). China’s social policy: Reform and development in the context of marketization and globalization. Social Policy and Administration, 35(1), 115–130. doi. 10.1111/1467-9515.00180

Guariso, A., Ngabitsinze, J-C., & Verpoorten, M. (2011). The Rwandan coffee sector: out of the ordinary. In R.F. Vandeginste S., & M. Verpoorten M. (Eds.) L’Afrique Des Grands Lacs., (pp.397-426), Annuaire 2011-2012, Paris, L’Harmattan.

Haggard, S., & Huang, Y.S. (2008). The political economy of private sector development in China. In L. Brandt, & T. Rawski, 8Eds), China’s Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Heilig, G.K., Ming, Z., Long, H., Li, X., & Wu, X. (2005). Poverty alleviation in China : A lesson for the developing world ? Soil and Water, 2(2), 4-13.

Herbst, J. (2000). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton University Press.

Herd, R. (2010). A pause in the growth of inequality in China?. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. doi. 10.1787/5kmlh52r90zs-en

Hong, L., & Kongshøj, K. (2014). China’s welfare reform: An ambiguous road towards a social protection floor. Global Social Policy, 14(3), 352–368. doi. 10.1177/1468018113513914

Hongbing, G. (2001). Study on Poverty Reduction and Development Planning. China Financial and Economic Press.

IMF, (2011). Rwanda: 2010. Consultation and first review under the policy support instrument and modification of assessment Criteria. International Monetary Fund Washington. [Retrieved from].

Jabbour, A., & Dantas, B. (2017). The political economy of reforms and the present Chinese transition. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 37(4), 789–807. doi. 10.1590/0101-31572017v37n04a08

Jalan, J., & Ravallion, M. (2002). Geographic poverty traps? A micro model of consumption growth in rural China. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 17(4), 329–346. doi. 10.1002/jae.645

Jefferson, G.H., & Rawski, T.G. (1994). Enterprise reform in Chinese Industry. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(2), 47–70. doi. 10.1257/jep.8.2.47

Jeffrey D. Sachs. (2005). Are there lessons for Africa from China’s success against poverty?. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities of our time. World Bank,Washington DC, USA. doi. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.06.001

Jose, G.Montalvoa & Ravallion, M. (2009). The pattern of growth and poverty reduction in China. Policy Research Working Paper, No.WPS5069. [Retieved from].

Kabano, I.H., Broekhuis, A., & Hooimeijer, P. (2013). Fertility decline in Rwanda: Is gender preference in the way?. International Journal of Population Research, 9. doi. 10.1155/2013/787149

Kuhn, R.L. (2011). How China’s Leaders Think. The Inside Story of China’s Past, Current and Future Leaders. John Wiley & Sons, Asia.

Landes, D.S. (1998). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. Norton, New York.

LGPRD - Leading Group for Poverty Reduction and Development. (2001). China’s Rural Poverty Reduction and Development Compendium (2001 –2010). Beijing.

Li, J. (1991). Taxation in the People’s Republic of China. New York: Praeger.

Li, S., & Sicular, T. (2014). The distribution of household income in China: Inequality, poverty and policies. China Quarterly, 217, 1-41. doi. 10.1017/S0305741014000290

Lin, J.Y. (1995). The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 43(2), 269–292. doi. 10.1086/452150

Lin, J.Y. (2004). Lessons of China’s transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Peking University, Beijing China, 1-45. [Retrieved from].

Lin, J.Y. (2011). New structural economics: A framework for rethinking development. World Bank Research Observer, 26(2), 193–221. doi. 10.1093/wbro/lkr007

Lin, J.Y. (2012). New Structural Economics : A Framework for Rethinking Development and Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank. [Retrieved from].

Lin, J.Y. (2013). Demystifying the Chinese economy. The Australian Economic Review, 46(3), 258-268. doi. 10.2307/2667712

Lindbeck, A. (2006). An essay on economic reforms and social change in China. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No.4057. [Retrieved from].

Ling, S., Tuan, F., Gale, F., Somwaru, A., & Hansen, J. (2013). China’s regional agricultural productivity growth in 1985 – 2007 : A multilateral comparison. Agricultural Economics, 44, 241–251. doi. 10.1111/agec.12008

Liu, M. (2017). Inclusive Growth and Poverty Eradication Policies in China. United Nations, New York.

Luo, R., Zhang, L., Huang, J., & Rozelle, S. (2007). Elections, fiscal reform and public goods provision in rural China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(3), 583–611. doi. 10.1016/j.jce.2007.03.008

Ma, D. (2008). Economic growth in the lower yangzi region of China in 1911–1937: A quantitative and historical analysis. The Journal of Economic History, 68(2), 355–392. doi. 10.1017/S002205070800034X

Mai, Lu., & Mingling, F. (2008). Reforming the welfare system in the people’s Republic of China. Asian Development Review, 25(1-2), 58–81.

Makaka, A., Breen, S., & Binagwaho, A. (2012). Universal health coverage in Rwanda: A report of innovations to increase enrolment in community-based health insurance. The Lancet, 380, S7. doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60293-7

Mandel, B.R. (2013). Chinese exports and U.S. import prices. Staff Reports, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, No.591. [Retrieved from].

Mann, L., & Berry, M. (2016). Understanding the political motivations that shape Rwanda’s emergent developmental state. New Political Economy, 21(1), 119–144. doi. 10.1080/13563467.2015.1041484

Mark, S., & Laiyin, Y. (1997). The reform of social welfare in China. World Development, 25(10), 1657–1668. doi. 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00055-7

Mellor, J.W. (2017). Agricultural development and economic transformation. promoting growth with poverty reduction. Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. doi. 10.1007/978-3-319-65259-7

Meng, L. (2013). Evaluating China’s poverty alleviation program: A regression discontinuity approach. Journal of Public Economics, 101(1), 1–11. doi. 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.02.004

MINECOFIN -Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, (2007). Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2008- 2012. Kigali, Rwanda.

MINECOFIN -Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, (2012). Budget Framework Paper 2012/13-2014/15 April. Kigali, Rwanda.

MINECOFIN -Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, (2013). Economıc Development And Poverty Reductıon Strategy Iı 2013-2018. Kigali, Rwanda.

Montalvo, J.G., & Ravallion, M. (2010). The pattern of growth and poverty reduction in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 38(1), 2–16. doi. 10.1016/j.jce.2009.10.005

Morgan, S.L. (2003). From cotton mill to business empire: The emergence of regional enterprises in modern China. Project MUSE, 6(3), 506–508.

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, (2012). The evolution of poverty in rwanda from 2000 to 2011: Results from the Household Surveys (EICV). Kigali, Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, (2007). EICV Poverty Analysis for Rwand’s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, May, No.104. [Retrieved from].

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, (2015). Rwanda Statistical Yearbook (2015 Edit). Kigali, Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). (2016). Statistical yearbook, Kigali, Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) and Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) (2012). Rwanda Fourth Population and Housing Census. Thematic Report: Population size, structure and distribution. [Retrieved from].

Naughton, B. (2015). The transformation of the state sector: SASAC, the market economy, and the new national champions. In B. Naughton & K. Tsai (Eds.), State Capitalism, Institutional Adaptation, and the Chinese Miracle (Comparative Perspectives in Business History, (pp. 46-7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi. 10.1017/CBO9781139962858.003

NBSC -National Bureau of Statistics of China, (2003). Chına Statıstıcal Yearbook(2003). China Statistical publishing house. [Retrieved from].

Nkurunziza, J., Broekhuis, A., & Hooimeijer, P. (2012). Free Education in Rwanda: Just One Step towards Reducing Gender and Sibling Inequalities. Education Research International, 2012, 1–11. doi. 10.1155/2012/396019

NSBC -National Statistical Bureau, P.R.C. (2006). China Compendium of Statistics, 1949- 2004. Beijing: China Statistics Press.

OECD. (2005). Promoting IPR Policy and Enforcement in China: Summary of OECD-China Dialogues on Intellectual Property Righ ts Policy and Enforcement. OECD, Paris.

Posner, D.N., & Young, D.J. (2007). The instıtutıonalızatıon of political power in Afrıca. Journal of Democracy, 18(3), 127–140.

Qu, T. (2017). Poverty alleviation in China – plan and action. China Journal of Social Work, 10(1), 79–85. doi. 10.1080/17525098.2017.1314812

Qin, C., & Chong T.T.L. (2015). Can poverty be alleviated in China? MPRA Papers, No. 68458. [Retrieved from].

RAB -Rwanda Agriculture Board, (2017). Girinka Programme transforms livelihoods, reconciles communitie. Kigali, Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

Ravallion, M., & Chen, S. (2007). China’s (uneven) progress against poverty. Journal of Development Economics, 82(1), 1-42. doi. 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.07.003

Rawski, T.G. (1980). China’s transition to industrialism: Producer Goods and Economic Development in the Twentieth Century. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press.

Rawski, T.G. (1989). Economic Growth in Prewar China. Berkeley: University of California Press.

RGB -Rwanda Governance Board, (2014). Rwanda Governance Scorecard, 2014 Edition. Kigali, Rwanda.

Richard N., & Zangrandi, M.V. (2013). Managıng aid for trade and development results Rwanda case study. Policy Dialogue on Aid for Trade, OECD. [Retrieved from].

Riskin, C. (1987). China’s Political Economy: The Quest for Development Since 1949. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

RLDSF -Rwanda Local Development Support Fund, (2012). Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP) Intermedıate Impact Assessment 2008-2011. [Retrieved from].

Rodrik, D. (2013). When ideas Trump interests: Preferences, world vıews, and polıcy innovatıons. Working Paper Number No.100. [Retrieved from].

RoR –Republic of Rwanda, (2017). Made in Rwanda Policy. Ministry of Trade and Industry Made, Kigali - Rwanda. [Retrieved from].

Rozelle, S., Park, A., Benziger, V., & Ren, C. (1998). Targeted poverty investments and economic growth in China. World Development, 26(12), 2137–2151. doi. 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00104-1

Saavedra-Chanduvi, J., Narayan, A., & Tiwari, S. (2013). Shared prosperity: Links to growth, inequality and inequality of opportunity. World Bank Group, Working Paper, No.WPS6649. doi. 10.1596/1813-9450-6649

Saksena, P., Antunes, A. F., Xu, K., Musango, L., & Carrin, G. (2011). Mutual health insurance in Rwanda: Evidence on access to care and financial risk protection. Health Policy, 99(3), 203–209. doi. 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.09.009

Sangui, W. (1994). Poverty Problems and Economic Development, Rural Reading Materials Press.

Sangui, W., Zhou, L., & Yanshun, R. (2004). The 8-7 National Poverty Reduction Program in China — The National Strategy and Its Impact. [Retrieved from].

Sardana, D., & Zhu, ‎Ying. (2017). Background: Reforms in China and India. Palgrave Macmillan Asian Business Series, doi. 10.1057/978-1-137-54721-7

Schott, P. K. (2008). The relative sophistication of Chinese exports. Economic Policy, 23(53), 5-49.

Shaohua C., & Ravallion, M. (2004). How have the world’s poorest fared since the early 1980s? The World Bank Research Observer, 19(2), 141–169. doi. 10.1093/wbro/lkhO20

Shenggen F., Zhang, X.Z. (2002). Growth, inequality, and poverty in rural China. The role of public investments. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. [Retrieved from].

Sicular, T., Shi L., Ximing, Y.H.S. (2017). 2017-12 Changing Trends in China’s Inequality: Key Issues and Main Findings. Centre for Human Capital and Productivity. CHCP Working Papers, 2017-12. London, ON: Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario. [Retrieved from].

Song, Z., Storesletten, K., Wang, Y., & Zilibotti, F. (2015). Sharing high growth across generations: Pensions and demographic transition in China. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 7(2), 1–39. doi. 10.1257/mac.20130322

Tarr, D.G., & Volchkova, N. (2010). Russian Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Policy at the Crossroads. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper, No.5255. [Retrieved from].

Thirty Years. (2008). Zhongguo xiangzhen qiye 30 nian [30 years of China’s township-village enterprises]. Beijing: Zhongguo Nongye Chubanshe. [Retrieved from].

UNCTAD. (2007). World Investment Report 2007: Transnational Corporations, Extractive Industries and Devel- opment. New York and Geneva: United Nations. [Retrieved from].

UNDP. (2013). China National Human Development Report 2013. Sustainable and Liveable Cities: Towards Ecological Civilization. UNDP China and Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. doi. 10.1142/S2345748113800031

United Nations. (2015). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. United Nations: New York, USA. [Retrieved from].

United Nations Development Program (2016). Report on Sustainable Financing for Poverty Alleviation in China. [Retrieved from].

United Nations Development Programme –UNDP, (2018). Human Development Reports. September 26, 2018, [Retrieved from].

Van de Walle, N. (2001). African Economics and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi. 10.1017/CBO9780511800344

WEF -World Economic Forum, (2015). The Global Competitiveness Report The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. World Economic Forum, Geneva. [Retrieved from].

WEF -World Economic Forum, (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017. World Economic Forum, Geneva. [Retrieved from].

WEF -World Economic Forum, (2017). The Africa Competitiveness Report 2017. World Bank and African Development Bank, Geneva. [Retrieved from].

World Bank. (1995). China - Public investment and finance. Washington, DC: World Bank. [Retrieved from].

World Bank. (2008). Poverty data A supplement to World Development Indicators 2008. doi. 10.1596/978-1-4648-0163-1

World Bank. (2013). Rwanda Economic Update, May 2013 : Maintaining Momentum with a Special Focus on Rwanda’s Pathway Out of Poverty. Rwanda Economic Update; May 2013, Edition No. 4. Washington, DC. doi. 10.1108/09544789110032089

World Bank. (2015). Rwanda Economic Update. Managing Uncertainty for Growth and Poverty Reduction. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. [Retrieved from].

World Bank. (2016). Rwanda economic update: Rwanda at work, (9), 79. [Retrieved from].

World Bank. (2018a). World Development Indicators. September 26, 2018, [Retrieved from].

World Bank. (2018b). Worldwide Governance Indicators. September 25, 2018, [Retrieved from].

Wright, T. (2008). A Chinese economic revolution: Rural entrepreneurship in the twentieth century. International Journal of Asian Studies, 5(1), 135-137. doi. 10.1017/S1479591407001039

WTO -World Trade Organization. (2008). World Trade Report 2008. Trade in a Globalizing World. [Retrieved from].

Wu, Z., & Cheng, E. (2010). Poverty alleviation in the people’s Republic of China: The implications for Sino-African cooperation in poverty reduction. African Development Review, 22, 629–643. doi. 10.1111/j.1467-8268.2010.00263.x

Xiaolan, F., & Balasubramanyam, V.N. (2003). Township and village enterprises in China. The Journal of Development Studies, 39(4), 27–46. doi. 10.1080/713869424

Xie, Y., & Zhou, X. (2014). Income inequality in today’s China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(19), 6928–6933. doi. 10.1073/pnas.1403158111

Xueliang, Z. (2008). Transport infrastructure, spatial spillover and economic growth : Evidence from China. Front. Econ. China, 3(4), 585–597. doi. 10.1007/s11459-008-0029-1

Yansui L., Guo, Y.Z. (2017). Poverty alleviation in rural China : Policy changes , future challenges and policy implications. China Agricultural Economic Review. doi. 10.1108/CAER-10-2017-0192

Yaohui Z., & Jianguo, X. (2014). China’s urban pension system: Reforms and problems. Cato Journal, 21(3), 395–414.

Yingyi, Q., & Jinglian, W. (2000). China’s Transition to a Market Economy: How Far across the River?. Working Paper, No.69. [Retrieved from].

Yu, N., de Jong, M., Storm, S., & Mi, J. (2013). Spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure: Evidence from Chinese regions. Journal of Transport Geography, 28, 56–66. doi. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.10.009

Zhang, G.K.H., & Long, M. (2005). Poverty alleviation in China: A lesson for the developing world ? Soil and Water, 1, 1–22. [Retrieved from].

Zhang, K., Dearing, J.A., Dawson, T.P., Dong, X., Yang, X., & Zhang, W. (2015). Poverty alleviation strategies in eastern China lead to critical ecological dynamics. Science of the Total Environment, 506–507, 164–181. doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.096

Zhang, M. (2003). China’s Poor Regions. Rural–urban migration, poverty, economic reform, and urbanisation. [Retrieved from].

Zhou, W., & Szyliowicz, J.S. (2006). The development and current status of China’s transportation system. World Transport Policy & Practice, 12(4), 10–16. doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31958-X

Zhu, Y., & Warner, M. (2002). Human resource management in China’s “frontier” special economic zone: A study of selected enterprises on Hainan Island. International Journal of Employment Studies, 10(1), 75–104.

Zhu, Y., Webber, M., & Benson, J. (2010). The Everyday Impact of Economic Reform in China: Management Change, Enterprise Performance and Daily Life. London: Routledge.

Zhu Ying; Warner Malcolm. (2017). Impact of western economics on China’s reforms from the late 1970s to the present: An overview. In M. Warner (Ed.). The Difusion of Western Economic Ideas in East Asia (Chapter 19). London: Routledge.

Creative Commons License
This article licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license (4.0)

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.