How do environmental, demographic, and geographical factors influence the spread of Covid-19
PDF

Keywords

Air pollution
Environment and health
Natural hazards
Risk assessment
Urban environment
Sustainable development and policy assessment
Sustainable Growth.

How to Cite

COCCIA, M. (2020). How do environmental, demographic, and geographical factors influence the spread of Covid-19. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 7(3), 169–209. https://doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v7i3.2018

Abstract

Abstract. Italy was the first European country to experience a rapid increase in confirmed cases and deaths of the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study explains how COVID-19 transmitted so rapidly in northern Italy, analysing the underlying relationships between infected people and environmental, demographic, and geographical factors that influenced its spread. This study analyses data on COVID-19 cases alongside environmental data. This study finds out that cities with little wind, high humidity and frequently high levels of air pollution — exceeding safe levels of ozone or particulate matter — had higher numbers of COVID-19 related infected individuals and deaths. Overall, then, results here suggest that that geo-environmental factors may have accelerated the spread of COVID-19 in northern Italian cities, leading to a higher number of infected individuals and deaths..

Keywords. Air pollution, Environment and health, Natural hazards, Risk assessment, Urban environment, Sustainable development and policy assessment, Sustainable Growth.

JEL. F64, I10, I18, I19,  H75, H84, Q50, Q51, Q52, Q53, Q55, Q58.
https://doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v7i3.2018
PDF

References

Ackoff, R.L., & Rovin, S. (2003). Redesigning Society, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Backer, J.A., Klinkenberg, D., & Wallinga, J. (2020). Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25: 2000062.

Barger-Lux, M.J., & Heaney, R.P. (2002). Effects of above average summer sun exposure on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium absorption. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(11), 4952–4956.

Bayram, H., Sapsford, R.J., Abdelaziz, M.M., & Khair, O.A. (2001). Effect of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the release of proinflammatory mediators from bronchial epithelial cells of nonatopicnonasthmatic subjects and atopic asthmatic patients in vitro. J Allergy ClinImmunol, 107, 287–294.

Beelen, R., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Stafoggia, M., et al. (2013). Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project. Lancet, published online Dec 9. doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62158-3

Bell, M.L., Davis D.L., Fletcher T. (2004). A retrospective assessment of mortality from the London Smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza and pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 112(1), 6.

Blackaby, F. (1978). De-Industrialisation. London: Heinemann.

Bloemsma, L.D., Hoek, G., & Smit, L.A. (2016). Panel studies of air pollution in patients with COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis, Environ. Res. 151, 458–468.

Bluestone, B., & Harrison, B. (1982). The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment and the Dismantling of Basic Industry. New York: Basic Books.

Brooks, S. K, Webster R. K., Smith L. E., Woodland L., Wessely S., Greenberg N., Rubin G.J. (2019). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, Rapid Review, doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Brunekreef, B., & Holgate, S.T. (2002). Air pollution and health, Lancet, 360, 1233–1242. doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8

Bundy, J., Pfarrer, M.D., Short, C.E., & Coombs, W.T. (2017). Crises and Crisis Management: Integration, Interpretation, and Research Development. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1661–1692. doi. 10.1177/0149206316680030

Camacho, A., Kucharski, A., Aki-Sawyerr, Y. et al. (2015). Temporal changes in Ebola transmission in Sierra Leone and implications for control requirements: a real-time modelling study. PLoSCurr, 2015; 7.

Carugno, M., Dentali, F., Mathieu, G., Fontanella, A., Mariani J., Bordini L., Milani G.P., Consonni D., Bonzini M., Bollati V., & Pesatori A.C. (2018). PM10 exposure is associated with increased hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among infants in Lombardy, Italy, Environmental Research 166 (2018) 452–457. doi. 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.016

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2020). Quarantine and isolation. 2017. (accessed Jan 30, 2020). [Retrieved from].

Chan, J.F.W., Yuan, S., Kok, K.H., et al. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 395, 514–23.

Chang, K.H., Hsu, C.C., Muo C.H., Hsu C.Y., Liu H.C., Kao C.H., Chen C.Y., Chang M.Y., Hsu Y.C. (2016). Air pollution exposure increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal and nationwide study. Environ. Int. 94, 495-499.

Charmi, H., Sneha, G., & Ujwalkumar, T. (2018). A review on recent progress in observations, and health effects of bio aerosols. Environ. Int. 118, 189e193.

Chen, S., Yang, J., Yang, W., Wang, C, & Barnighausen, T. (2020). COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. Lancet, 395, 764–766.

Churchman, C.W. (1971). The design of inquiring systems. Basic Books, New York.

Coccia, M. (2001). Satisfaction, work involvement and R&D performance. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 1(2-3-4), 268-282. doi. 10.1504/IJHRDM.2001.001010

Coccia, M. (2003). Metrics of R&D performance and management of public research institute. Proceedings of IEEE- IEMC 03, Piscataway, pp.231-236.

Coccia, M. (2004). Spatial metrics of the technological transfer: analysis and strategic management. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 16(1), 31-52. doi. 10.1080/0953732032000175490

Coccia, M. (2005). Countrymetrics: valutazione della performance economica e tecnologica dei paesi e posizionamento dell’Italia, Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, CXIII(3), 377-412.

Coccia, M. (2005a). Metrics to measure the technology transfer absorption: analysis of the relationship between institutes and adopters in northern Italy. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialization, 4(4), 462-486. doi. 10.1504/IJTTC.2005.006699

Coccia, M. (2005b). Technometrics: Origins, historical evolution and new direction, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 72(8), 944-979. doi. 10.1016/j.techfore.2005.05.011

Coccia, M. (2005c). Economics of scientific research: origins, nature and structure, Proceedings of Economic Society of Australia.

Coccia, M. (2006). Classifications of innovations: survey and future directions. Working Paper Ceris del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 8(2), 1-19. [Retrieved from].

Coccia, M. (2006a). Analysis and classification of public research institutes. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 3(1), 1-16.

Coccia, M. (2007). A new taxonomy of country performance and risk based on economic and technological indicators, Journal of Applied Economics, 10(1), 29-42.

Coccia, M. (2008). Science, funding and economic growth: analysis and science policy implications. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 5(1), 1-27. doi. 10.1504/WRSTSD.2008.01781

Coccia, M. (2008a). Spatial mobility of knowledge transfer and absorptive capacity: analysis and measurement of the impact within the geoeconomic space. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33(1), 105-122. doi. 10.1007/s10961-007-9032-4

Coccia, M. (2008b). New organizational behaviour of public research institutions: Lessons learned from Italian case study. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 2(4), 402–419. doi. 10.1504/IJBIR.2008.018589

Coccia, M. (2009). A new approach for measuring and analyzing patterns of regional economic growth: empirical analysis in Italy. Italian Journal of Regional Science- Scienze Regionali, 8(2), 71-95. doi. 10.3280/SCRE2009-002004

Coccia, M. (2009a). Measuring the impact of sustainable technological innovation, International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 5(3), 276-288. doi. 10.1504/IJTIP.2009.026749

Coccia, M. (2010). Public and private R&D investments as complementary inputs for productivity growth. International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management, 10(1/2), 73-91. doi. 10.1504/IJTPM.2010.032855

Coccia, M. (2010a). Foresight of technological determinants and primary energy resources of future economic long waves, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 6(4), 225–232. doi. 10.1504/IJFIP.2010.037468

Coccia, M. (2010b). Energy metrics for driving competitiveness of countries: Energy weakness magnitude, GDP per barrel and barrels per capita. Energy Policy, 38(3), 1330-1339. doi. 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.011

Coccia, M. (2010c). Spatial patterns of technology transfer and measurement of its friction in the geo-economic space. International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, 9(3), 255-267. doi. 10.1504/IJTTC.2010.030214

Coccia, M. (2010d). The asymmetric path of economic long waves, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 77(5), 730-738. doi. 10.1016/j.techfore.2010.02.003

Coccia, M. (2010e). Democratization is the driving force for technological and economic change, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 77(2), 248-264. doi. 10.1016/j.techfore.2009.06.007

Coccia, M. (2011). The interaction between public and private R&D expenditure and national productivity. Prometheus-Critical Studies in Innovation, 29(2), 121-130. doi. 10.1080/08109028.2011.601079

Coccia, M. (2012). Political economy of R&D to support the modern competitiveness of nations and determinants of economic optimization and inertia, Technovation, 32(6), 370–379. doi. 10.1016/j.technovation.2012.03.005

Coccia, M. (2012a). Evolutionary trajectories of the nanotechnology research across worldwide economic players. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 24(10), 1029-1050. doi. 10.1080/09537325.2012.705117

Coccia, M. (2012b). Evolutionary growth of knowledge in path-breaking targeted therapies for lung cancer: radical innovations and structure of the new technological paradigm. International Journal of Behavioural and Healthcare Research, 3(3-4), 273-290. doi. 10.1504/IJBHR.2012.051406

Coccia, M. (2012c). Converging genetics, genomics and nanotechnologies for groundbreaking pathways in biomedicine and nanomedicine. International Journal of Healthcare Technology and Management, 13(4), 184-197. doi. 10.1504/IJHTM.2012.050616

Coccia, M. (2012d). Driving forces of technological change in medicine: Radical innovations induced by side effects and their impact on society and healthcare. Technology in Society, 34(4), 271-283. doi. 10.1016/j.techsoc.2012.06.002

Coccia, M. (2013). What are the likely interactions among innovation, government debt, and employment? Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 26(4), 456–471. doi. 10.1080/13511610.2013.863704

Coccia, M. (2013a). The effect of country wealth on incidence of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 141(2), 225-229. doi. 10.1007/s10549-013-2683-y

Coccia, M. (2014). Path-breaking target therapies for lung cancer and a far-sighted health policy to support clinical and cost effectiveness. Health Policy and Technology, 1(3), 74-82. doi. 10.1016/j.hlpt.2013.09.007

Coccia, M. (2014a). Emerging technological trajectories of tissue engineering and the critical directions in cartilage regenerative medicine. Int. J. Healthcare Technology and Management, 14(3), 194-208. doi. 10.1504/IJHTM.2014.064247

Coccia, M. (2014b). Converging scientific fields and new technological paradigms as main drivers of the division of scientific labour in drug discovery process: the effects on strategic management of the R&D corporate change. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 26(7), 733-749, doi. 10.1080/09537325.2014.882501

Coccia, M. (2014c). Driving forces of technological change: The relation between population growth and technological innovation-Analysis of the optimal interaction across countries, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 82(2), 52-65. doi. 10.1016/j.techfore.2013.06.001

Coccia, M. (2014). Socio-cultural origins of the patterns of technological innovation: What is the likely interaction among religious culture, religious plurality and innovation? Towards a theory of socio-cultural drivers of the patterns of technological innovation, Technology in Society, 36(1), 13-25. doi. 10.23760/2421-7158.2017.004

Coccia, M. (2014e). Religious culture, democratisation and patterns of technological innovation. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 6(4), 397-418. doi. 10.1504/IJSSOC.2014.066771

Coccia, M. (2014f). Structure and organisational behaviour of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources, Int. J. Services Technology and Management, 20(4/5/6), 251–266. doi. 10.1504/IJSTM.2014.068857

Coccia, M. (2014g). Steel market and global trends of leading geo-economic players. International Journal of Trade and Global Markets, 7(1), 36-52, doi. 10.1504/IJTGM.2014.058714

Coccia, M. (2015). The Nexus between technological performances of countries and incidence of cancers in society. Technology in Society, 42, 61-70. doi. 10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.02.003

Coccia, M. (2015a). Patterns of innovative outputs across climate zones: the geography of innovation, Prometheus. Critical Studies in Innovation, 33(2), 165-186. doi. 10.1080/08109028.2015.1095979

Coccia, M. (2015b). General sources of general purpose technologies in complex societies: Theory of global leadership-driven innovation, warfare and human development, Technology in Society, 42, 199-226. doi. 10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.05.008

Coccia, M. (2015c). Spatial relation between geo-climate zones and technological outputs to explain the evolution of technology. Int. J. Transitions and Innovation Systems, 4(1-2), 5-21. doi. 10.1504/IJTIS.2015.074642

Coccia, M. (2015d). Technological paradigms and trajectories as determinants of the R&D corporate change in drug discovery industry. International Journal Knowledge and Learning, 10(1), 29-43. doi. 10.1504/IJKL.2015.071052

Coccia, M. (2016). Asymmetric paths of public debts and of general government deficits across countries within and outside the European monetary unification and economic policy of debt dissolution. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 15, 17-31. doi. 10.1016/j.jeca.2016.10.003

Coccia, M. (2016a). Radical innovations as drivers of breakthroughs: characteristics and properties of the management of technology leading to superior organizational performance in the discovery process of R&D labs. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 28(4), 381-395. doi. 10.1080/09537325.2015.1095287

Coccia, M. (2016). Problem-driven innovations in drug discovery: co-evolution of radical innovation with the evolution of problems, Health Policy and Technology, 5(2), 143-155. doi. 10.1016/j.hlpt.2016.02.003

Coccia, M. (2016c). The relation between price setting in markets and asymmetries of systems of measurement of goods. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 14(B), 168-178. doi. 10.1016/j.jeca.2016.06.001

Coccia, M. (2017). The source and nature of general purpose technologies for supporting next K-waves: Global leadership and the case study of the U.S. Navy's Mobile User Objective System, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 116, 331-339. doi. 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.05.019

Coccia, M. (2017a). Optimization in R&D intensity and tax on corporate profits for supporting labor productivity of nations. The Journal of Technology Transfer, doi. 10.1007/s10961-017-9572-1

Coccia, M. (2017b). Varieties of capitalism’s theory of innovation and a conceptual integration with leadership-oriented executives: the relation between typologies of executive, technological and socioeconomic performances. Int. J. Public Sector Performance Management, 3(2), 148–168. doi. 10.1504/IJPSPM.2017.084672

Coccia, M. (2017c). Sources of disruptive technologies for industrial change. L’industria –rivista di Economia e Politicaindustriale, 38(1), 97-120.

Coccia, M. (2017d). Sources of technological innovation: Radical and incremental innovation problem-driven to support competitive advantage of firms. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 29(9), 1048-1061. doi. 10.1080/09537325.2016.1268682

Coccia, M. (2017e). A Theory of general causes of violent crime: Homicides, income inequality and deficiencies of the heat hypothesis and of the model of CLASH, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 190-200. doi. 10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.005

Coccia, M. (2017f). New directions in measurement of economic growth, development and under development, Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 4(4), 382-395.

Coccia, M. (2017g). Disruptive firms and industrial change, Journal of Economic and Social Thought, 4(4), 437-450.

Coccia, M. (2017h). The Fishbone diagram to identify, systematize and analyze the sources of general purpose Technologies, Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(4), 291-303.

Coccia, M. (2018). A theory of the general causes of long waves: War, general purpose technologies, and economic change. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 128, 287-295 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.11.013

Coccia, M. (2018a). The relation between terrorism and high population growth, Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 5(1), 84-104.

Coccia, M. (2018c). Violent crime driven by income Inequality between countries, Turkish Economic Review, 5(1), 33-55.

Coccia, M. (2018d). The origins of the economics of innovation, Journal of Economic and Social Thought, 5(1), 9-28.

Coccia, M. (2018e). Theorem of not independence of any technological innovation, Journal of Economics Bibliography, 5(1), 29-35.

Coccia, M. (2018e). Theorem of not independence of any technological innovation, Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 5(1), 15-33.

Coccia, M. (2018f). Competition between basic and applied research in the organizational behaviour of public research labs, Journal of Economics Library, 5(2), 118-133.

Coccia, M. (2018g). An introduction to the methods od inquiry in social sciences, Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 5(2), xxx-xxx.

Coccia, M., & Bellitto, M. (2018). Human progress and its socioeconomic effects in society, Journal of Economic and Social Thought, 5(2), 160-178.

Coccia, M., & Igor, M. (2018). Rewards in public administration: a proposed classification, Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 5(2), 68-80.

Coccia, M., & Bozeman, B. (2016). Allometric models to measure and analyze the evolution of international research collaboration. Scientometrics, 108(3), 1065-1084. doi. 10.1007/s11192-016-2027-x

Coccia, M., Falavigna, G., & Manello, A. 2015. The impact of hybrid public and market-oriented financing mechanisms on scientific portfolio and performances of public research labs: a scientometric analysis. Scientometrics, 102(1), 151-168. doi. 10.1007/s11192-014-1427-z

Coccia, M., & Finardi, U. (2012). Emerging nanotechnological research for future pathway of biomedicine. International Journal of Biomedical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2 (3-4), 299-317. doi. 10.1504/IJBNN.2012.051223

Coccia, M., & Finardi, U. (2013). New technological trajectories of non-thermal plasma technology in medicine. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 337-356. doi. 10.1504/IJBET.2013.055665

Coccia, M., Finardi, U., & Margon, D. (2012). Current trends in nanotechnology research across worldwide geo-economic players, The Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(5), 777-787. doi. 10.1007/s10961-011-9219-6

Coccia, M., & Rolfo, S. (2000). Ricerca pubblica e trasferimento tecnologico: il caso della regione Piemonte. In S. Rolfo (ed), Innovazione e piccole imprese in Piemonte, Franco Angeli Editore, Milano.

Coccia, M., & Rolfo, S. (2002). Technology transfer analysis in the Italian national research council, Technovation - The International Journal of Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 22(5), 291-299. doi. 10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00018-9

Coccia, M., & Rolfo, S. (2007). How research policy changes can affect the organization and productivity of public research institutes, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Research and Practice, 9(3) 215-233. doi. 10.1080/13876980701494624

Coccia, M., & Rolfo, S. (2010). New entrepreneurial behaviour of public research organizations: opportunities and threats of technological services supply, International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 13(1-2), 134-151. doi. 10.1504/IJSTM.2010.029674

Coccia, M., & Rolfo, S. (2013). Human resource management and organizational behavior of public research institutions, International Journal of Public Administration, 36(4), 256-268. doi. 10.1080/01900692.2012.756889

Coccia, M., & Rolfo, S. (2009). Project management in public research organization: Strategic change in complex scenarios. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 1(3), 235–252. doi. 10.1504/IJPOM.2009.027537

Coccia, M., & Wang, L. (2015). Path-breaking directions of nanotechnology-based chemotherapy and molecular cancer therapy, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 94, 155–169. doi. 10.1016/j.techfore.2014.09.007

Coccia, M., & Wang, L. (2016). Evolution and convergence of the patterns of international scientific collaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(8), 2057-2061. doi. 10.1073/pnas.1510820113

Cooper, B.S., Pitman, R.J., Edmunds, W.J., & Gay, N.J. (2006). Delaying the international spread of pandemic influenza. PLoS Med, 3: e212.

Cooper, G.S., Stroehla, B.C. (2003). The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun. Rev. 2(3), 119-125.

Crutzen, P.J., Stoermer, E.F. (2000). The ‘‘Anthropocene’’. IGBP Newsletter, 41(1) 17–18.

Darrow, L.A., Mitchel,, K., Flanders, W.D., Mulholland, J.A., Tolbert, P.E., & Strickland, M.J. (2014). Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0–4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 180, 968–977. doi. 10.1093/aje/kwu234

Das, P., Horton, R. (2017). Pollution, health, and the planet: time for decisive action. Lancet, 391, 407–408.

Daszak, P., Olival, K.J., & Li, H. (2020). A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak, Biosafety and Health, doi. 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.01.003

De Roos, A.J., Koehoorn, M., Tamburic, L., Davies, H.W., & Brauer, M. (2014). Proximity to traffic, ambient air pollution, and community noise in relation to incident rheumatoid arthritis. Environ. Health Perspect. 122(10), 1075.

De Serres, G., Lampron, N., La Forge, J., Rouleau, I., Bourbeau, J., Weiss, K. et al. (2009). Importance of viral and bacterial infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. J ClinVirol, 46, 129–133.

Deal, E.C., McFadden, E.R., Ingram, R.H., Breslin, F.J., & Jaeger, J.J. (1980). Airway responsiveness to cold air and hyperpnea in normal subjects and in those with hay fever and asthma. Am J Respir Dis, 121:621-8.

Després, V., Huffman J.A., Burrows S.M., Hoose C., Safatov A., Buryak G., et al., (2012). Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review. Tellus B 64, 145-153.

Dong E., Du H., Gardner L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. doi. 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1

Dowell S.F., Whitney C.G., Wright C., Rose C.E., Schuchat A. 2003. Seasonal patterns of invasive pneumococcal disease. Emerging Infect Dis, 9, 573e9.

EIU, (2020). COVID-19 to send almost all G20 countries into a recession, 26th Mar 2020.

Ellis, E.C., Kaplan J.O., Fuller D.Q., Vavrus S., Goldewijk K.K., Verburg P.H. (2013). Used planet: a global history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi. 10.1073/pnas.1217241110

ESA, (2020). European Space Agency Coronavirus: nitrogen dioxide emissions drop over Italy, Mar 13, 2020. [Retrieved from].

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Public health management of persons having had contact with novel coronavirus cases in the European Union. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020. [Retrieved from].

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020a. Risk assessment guidelines for diseases transmitted on aircraft. Part 2: Operational guidelines for assisting in the evaluation of risk for transmission by disease. 2011. [Retrieved from].

Farhat, S.C., Silva C.A., Orione M.A., Campos L.M., Sallum A.M., Braga A.L., (2011). Air pollution in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a review. Autoimmun. Rev. 11 (1), 14-21.

Flint, R. (1884). Vico, William Blackwood and sons, Edinburgh and London.

Foley S.F., Gronenborn D., Andreae M.O., Kadereit J.W., Esper J., Scholz D., Pöschl U., Jacob D. E., Schöne B. R., Schreg R., Vött A., Jordan D., Lelieveld J., Weller C.G., Alt K.W., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S., Bruhn K.C., Tost H., Sirocko F., Crutzen P.J. (2013). The Palaeoanthropocene: the beginnings of anthropogenic environmental change. Anthropocene, 3, 83–88.

Fong, M.W., Gao H., & Wong J.Y., et al. (2020). Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings—social distancing measures. Emerg Infect Dis, doi. 10.3201/eid2605.190995

Fraser C., Riley S., Anderson R.M., & Ferguson N.M. (2004). Factors that make an infectious disease outbreak controllable. Proc Natl AcadSci, 101, 6146–6151.

Friedman M.S., Powell K.E., Hutwagner L., Graham L.M., & Teague W.G. (2001). Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviors during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. JAMA, 285, 897–905.

Fröohlich-Nowoisky, J., Kampf C.J., Weber B., Huffman J.A., & Pöschl U. (2016). Bioaerosols in the Earth system: climate, health, and ecosystem interactions. Atmos. Res. 182, 346-376.

Funk, S., Ciglenecki I., & Tiffany A., et al., (2017). The impact of control strategies and behavioural changes on the elimination of Ebola from Lofa County, Liberia. Philos Trans R SocLond B BiolSci 2017; 372: 20160302.

Gao, J.F., Fan, X.Y., Li, H.Y., & Pan, K.L. (2017). Airborne bacterial communities of PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megalopolis, China as revealed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing: a case study. Aerosol. Air. Qual. Res. 17.

Ghio A.J., M.S. Carraway, M.C. Madden, (2012). Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues, and living systems, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 15(1), 1–21.

Glasser, J.W., Hupert N., McCauley M.M., Hatchett R. 2011. Modeling and public health emergency responses: lessons from SARS. Epidemics, 3, 32–37.

Glencross, D.A., Tzer-Ren Ho, NuriaCamina, Hawrylowicz Catherine M., Pfeffer P. E. 2020. Air pollution and its effects on the immune system, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, in press. doi. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179

Glikson A. 2013. Fire and human evolution: The deep-time blueprints of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene, 3, 89–92.

Gorse G.J., O'Connor T.Z., Young S.L., Habib M.P., Wittes J., Neuzil K.M., et al. (2006). Impact of a winter respiratory virus season on patients with COPD and association with influenza vaccination. Chest, 130, 1109–16.

Grant W.B. (2002). An ecologic study of dietary and solar Ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates. Cancer, 94(1), 272–281.

Groulx, N., Urch B., Duchaine C., Mubareka S., Scott J.A. (2018). The Pollution Particulate Concentrator (PoPCon): A platform to investigate the effects of particulate air pollutants on viral infectivity, Science of the Total Environment, 628–629, 1101–1107. doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.118

Guo L., et al., (2019). The influence of urban planning factors on PM2.5 pollution exposure and implications: A case study in China based on remote sensing, LBS, and GIS data. Science of The Total Environment, 659, 585-1596. doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.448

Hao J., Zhiyi Yang, Shuqiong Huang, Wenwen Yang, ZhongminZhud, Liqiao Tian, YuananLuf, Hao Xiang, Suyang Liu 2019. The association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of mumps in Wuhan, China: A time-series study. Environmental Research, 177, 108660. doi. 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108660

Hellewell, J., Abbott S., Gimma A., Bosse N.I., Jarvis C.I., Russell T.W., Munday J.D., Kucharski A.J., Edmunds W.J. (2020). Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Working Group, Sebastian Funk, Eggo R. M 2020. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts, Lancet Glob Health. doi. 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7

Hoang, T.T.T., Nguyen V.N., Dinh N.S., et al. (2019). Active contact tracing beyond the household in multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Vietnam: a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 19: 241.

Hoek, G., Krishnan R.M., Beelen R., Peters A., Ostro B., Brunekreef B., Kaufman J.D. (2013). Long-term air pollution exposure and cardiorespiratory mortality: a review. Environ. Health, 12 (1), 43.

Il meteo (2020). Medie e totalimensili. [Retrieved from].

Istituto Superiore Sanità, (2020). Nuovo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Caratteristichedeipazientidecedutipositivi a COVID-19 in Italia. [Retrieved from].

Jalaludin B.B., O'Toole B.I., Leeder S.R., (2004). Acute effects of urban ambient air pollution on respiratory symptoms, asthma medication use, and doctor visits for asthma in a cohort of Australian children. Environ. Res. 95, 32–42. doi. 10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00038-0

Jansen, A.G.S.C., Sanders E.A.M., Van Der Ende A., Van Loon A.M., Hoes A.W., Hak E. 2008. Invasive pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: association with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus activity? Epidemiol Infect; 136, 1448e54.

Jaspers, I., Ciencewicki J.M., Zhang W.L., Brighton L.E., Carson J.L., Beck M.A., et al. (2005). Diesel exhaust enhances influenza virus infections in respiratory epithelial cells. ToxicolSci, 85, 990-1002.

Jin, L., Luo, X., Fu, P., Li, X., (2017). Airborne particulate matter pollution in urban China: a chemical mixture perspective from sources to impacts. Natl. Sci. Rev. 593, 610.

Johns Hopkins Center for System Science and Engineering, 2020. Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases, [Retrieved from].

Jones, A.M., Harrison, R.M., (2004). The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bio aerosol concentrations-a review. Sci. Total Environ. 326, 151e180

Jung, C.R., Hsieh, H.Y., Hwang, B.F., (2017). Air pollution as a potential determinant of rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Epidemiology, 28, S54-S59.

Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environ. Pollut. 151(2), 362-367.

Kang, M., Song T., Zhong H., et al. (2016). Contact tracing for imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome, China, 2015. Emerging Infect Dis, 22: 9.

Kim, P.E., Musher D.M., Glezen W.P., Rodriguez-Barradas M.C., Nahm W.K., Wright C.E. (1996). Association of invasive pneumococcal disease with season, atmospheric conditions, air pollution, and the isolation of respiratory viruses. Clin Infect Dis, 22:100e6.

Ko, F.W.S., Chan P.K.S., Chan M.C.H., To K.W., Ng S.S.S., Chau S.S.L., et al. 2007. Viral etiology of acute exacerbations of COPD in Hong Kong. Chest, 132, 900–8.

Ko, F.W.S., Tam W., Wong T.W., Chan D.P.S., Tung A.H., Lai C.K.W. et al. (2007a). Temporal relationship between air pollutants and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong. Thorax, 62, 779e84.

Kucharski, A.J., Camacho A., Checchi F. et al. (2015). Evaluation of the benefits and risks of introducing Ebola community care centers, Sierra Leone. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21: 393–99.

Kucharski, A.J, Russell, T.W., Diamond, C., Liu, Y., Edmunds, J., Funk, S., Eggo, R.M. (2020). On behalf of the Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 working group* 2020. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study Lancet Infect Dis, 2020. doi. 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4

Langrish, J.P., & Mills N.L. (2014). Air pollution and mortality in Europe, Lancet, 383, doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62570-2

Lewtas, J. (2007). Air pollution combustion emissions: Characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects. Mutation Research, 636(1–3), 95-133. doi. 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.08.003

Li, J., Sun S., Tang R., Qiu H., Huang Q., Mason T.G., Tian L. (2016). Major air pollutants and risk of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis. 11, 3079–3091.

Li, Q., Guan X., Wu P., et al. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. doi. 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316

Liao, C.-M., Nan-Hung Hsieh, Chia-Pin Chio (2011). Fluctuation analysis-based risk assessment for respiratory virus activity and air pollution associated asthma incidence. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 3325–3333, doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.056

Lim, H.S. et al. (2006). Cancer survival is dependent on season of diagnosis and sunlight exposure. Int J Can, 119, 1530–1536

Linstone, H.A. (1999). Decision making for technology executives, Artech House, Boston-London

Liu, H., Zhang X., Zhang H., Yao X., Zhou M., Wang J., et al., (2018). Effect of air pollution on the total bacteria and pathogenic bacteria in different sizes of particulate matter. Environ. Pollut. 233, 483-493.

Liu, M., Huang Y., Ma Z., Jin Z., Liu X., Wang H., et al., (2017). Spatial and temporal trends in the mortality burden of air pollution in China: 2004-2012. Environ. Int. 98, 75-81.

Ma Y., Zhao Y., Liu J., He X., Wang B., Fu S., Yan J., Niu J., Zhou J., & Luo B. (2020). Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, Science of The Total Environment, 138226, doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226

Manuell, M-E, & Cukor, J. (2011). Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine. Disasters, 35, 417–42.

McCullers, J.A. (2006). Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. ClinMicrobiol Rev, 19, 571e82.

Medina-Ramón, M., Zanobetti A., & Schwartz J. (2006). The effect of ozone and PM10 on hospital admissions for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a national multicity study. Am J Epidemiol, 163:579e88.

Ministerodella Salute, (2020). Covid-19 - Situazione in Italia. [Retrieved from].

Mochitate, K., Katagiri K., & Miura T. (2001). Impairment of microbial billing and superoxide-producing activities of alveolar macrophages by a low level of ozone. J Health Sci, 47, 302–09.

Murdoch, D.R., Lance C.J. (2009). Association of respiratory virus activity and environmental factors with the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, Journal of Infection, 58, 37-46. doi. 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.10.011

Murphy, K.R., Eivindson A., Pauksens K., Stein W.J., Tellier G., Watts R. et al. (2000). Efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of influenza in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease — a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre study. Clin Drug Invest, 20, 337–49.

Myllykangas-Luosujäarvi, R., Aho K., Kautiainen H., & Isomäki H., (1995). Shortening of life span and causes of excess mortality in a population-based series of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 13(2), 149-153.

nCoV-2019 Data Working Group. 2020. Epidemiological data from the nCoV-2019 outbreak: early descriptions from publicly available data. 2020. [Retrieved from].

Nel, A. (2005). Air pollution-related illness: effects of particles. Science, 308, 804–6.

Nenna, R., Evangelisti M., Frassanito A., Scagnolari C., Pierangeli A., Antonelli G., Nicolai A., Arima S., Moretti C., Papoff P., Villa M. P., Midulla F. 2017. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, weather conditions and air pollution in an Italian urban area: An observational study. Environmental Research, 158(2017) 188–193, doi. 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.014

Neu, U., & Mainou B.A. (2020). Virus interactions with bacteria: Partners in the infectious dance. PLoSPathog, 16(2), e1008234. doi. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008234

Oh, E.-Y., Ansell C., Nawaz H., Yang C.-H., Wood P. A., Hrushesky W.J.M. (2010). Global breast cancer seasonality, Breast Cancer Res Trea, 123, 233–243. doi. 10.1007/s10549-009-0676-7

Orellano P., Quaranta N., Reynoso J., Balbi B., & Vasquez J. (2017). Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis, PloS One, 12(3), e0174050.

Peak, C.M., Childs L.M., Grad Y.H., & Buckee C.O. (2017). Comparing nonpharmaceutical interventions for containing emerging epidemics. Proc Natl AcadSci, 114, 4023–28.

Pike, A. (2009). De-Industrialization. Elsevier.

Pope. C.A. (1989). Respiratory disease associated with community air pollution and a steel mill. Utah Val Am J Public Health, 79, 623–28.

Pope, C.A. (1996). Particulate pollution and health: a review of the Utah valley experience. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 6, 23–34.

Pope, C.A. Ezzati M., & Dockery D.W. (2009). Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. N Engl J Med, 360, 376–86.

Prem, K., Liu Y., Russell T. W., Kucharski A.J., Eggo R.M., Davies N. et al., (2020). The effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China: a modelling study, The Lancet Public Health, March 25, doi. 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30073-6

Public Health England, (2019). MERS-CoV close contact algorithm. Public health investigation and management of close contacts of Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases (v17 29 January 2019). [Retrieved from].

Public Health England, (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) – what you need to know. 2020. [Retrieved from].

Quilty, B., Clifford S. CCMID nCoV working group, Flasche S, Eggo RM. (2020). Effectiveness of airport screening at detecting travelers infected with 2019-nCoV. 2020. [Retrieved from].

Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen Z.J., Beelen R., et al. (2020). Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol, 14, 813–22.

Rahman I., & MacNee W. (2000). Oxidative stress and regulation of glutathione in lung inflammation. EurRespir J, 16: 534–54.

Riley S, Fraser C, & Donnelly CA, et al. (2003). Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of SARS in Hong Kong: impact of public health interventions. Science, 300: 1961–66.

Riou J., & Althaus C.L. (2020). Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25: 2000058.

Ségala, C., Poizeau D., Mesbah M., Willems S., Maidenberg M., 2008. Winter air pollution and infant bronchiolitis in Paris. Environ. Res. 106, 96–100. doi. 10.1016/j.envres.2007.05.003

Shankardass, K., McConnell R., Jerrett M., Milam J., Richardson J., & Berhane K. (2009). Parental stress increases the effect of traffic-related air pollution on childhood asthma incidence. Proc Natl AcadSci USA; 106:12406–1

Shepherd, A., & Mullins J. T. 2019. Arthritis diagnosis and early-life exposure to air pollution, Environmental Pollution, 253, 1030-1037. doi. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.054

Simoni, M., Baldacci S., Maio S., Cerrai S., Sarno G., & Viegi G., (2015). Adverse effects of outdoor pollution in the elderly. J. Thorac. Dis. 7, 34–45. doi. 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.10

Smets, W., Morett, S., Denys S., & Lebeer S. (2016). Airborne bacteria in the atmosphere: presence, purpose, and potential. Atmos. Environ. 139, 214e221

Sun, Y., Xu, S., Zheng, D., Li, J., Tian, H., & Wang, Y., (2018). Effects of haze pollution on microbial community changes and correlation with chemical components in atmospheric particulate matter. Sci. Total Environ. 637e638, 507.

Swanson, K.C., Altare C., Wesseh C.S., et al. (2018). Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014–2015. PLoSNegl Trop Dis, 12, e0006762.

Talbot, T.R., Poehling K.A., Hartert T.V., Arbogast P.G., Halasa N.B., Edwards K.M., et al. (2005). Seasonality of invasive pneumococcal disease: temporal relation to documented influenza and respiratory syncytial viral circulation. Am J Med, 118, 285-291.

The Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT, 2020). Popolazioneresidente al 1° gennaio, [Retrieved from].

U. S. Census Bureau 2020. U.S. and World Population Clock, [Retrieved from].

Van Leuken, J.P.G., Swart A.N., Havelaar A.H., Van Pul A., Van der Hoek W., & Heederik D. (2016). Atmospheric dispersion modelling of bio aerosols that are pathogenic to humans and livestock - a review to inform risk assessment studies. Microb. Risk. Anal. 1, 19-39.

Vandini, S., Bottau P., Faldella G., & Lanari L. (2015). Immunological, viral, environmental, and individual factors modulating lung immune response to respiratory syncytial virus. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 875723. doi. 10.1155/2015/875723

Vandini, S., Corvaglia L., Alessandroni R., Aquilano G., Marsico C., Spinelli M., Lanari M., & Faldella G., (2013). Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and correlation with meteorological factors and air pollutants. Ital. J. Pediatr. 39, 1. doi. 10.1186/1824-7288-39-1

Wang, C., Horby P.W., Hayden F.G., Gao G.F. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet, 395: 470–73

Wang, G., Zhang R., Gomez M.E., Yang L., Zamora M.L., Hu M., Lin Y., Peng J., Guo S., Meng J., Li J. (2016). Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113 (48), 13630e13635.

Ward, D.J, Ayres J.G. (2004). Particulate air pollution and panel studies in children: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med, 61: e13.

Wei, M., Houfeng Liu, Jianmin Chen, Caihong Xu, Jie Li, Pengju Xu, Ziwen Sun 2020. Effects of aerosol pollution on PM2.5-associated bacteria in typical inland and coastal cities of northern China during the winter heating season, Environmental Pollution, 262, 114188. doi. 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114188

Wei, K., Zou, Z., Zheng, Y., Li, J., Shen, F., Wu, C.Y., et al., (2016). Ambient bio aerosol particle dynamics observed during haze and sunny days in Beijing. Sci. Total Environ. 550, 751e759.

Weinmayr, G., Romeo E., De Sario M., Weiland S.K., Forastiere F. (2010). Short term effects of PM10 and NO2 on respiratory health among children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect, 118, 449–57.

Wells, C. R., Sah P., Moghadas S. M., Pandey A., Shoukat A., Wang Y., Wang Z., Meyers L. A., Singer B. H., Galvani A. P.2020. Impact of international travel and border control measures on the global spread of the novel 2019 coronavirus outbreak. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Mar 2020, 202002616. doi. 10.1073/pnas.2002616117

WHO, (2019). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation report 24. February 13, 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020.

WHO, (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report 16. World Health Organization, 2020. [Retrieved from].

WHO, (2020a). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report 2. World Health Organization, 2020. [Retrieved from].

WHO, (2020b). Implementation and management of contact tracing for Ebola virus disease. World Health Organization. [Retrieved from].

WHO, (2020c). Who Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. March 3, 2020. [Retrieved from].

Wilder-Smith A., Chiew C.J., Lee V.J. (2020). Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? Lancet Infect Dis, 5. doi. 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8

Wong, C.M., Yang L., Thach T.Q., Chau P.Y.K., Chan K.P., Thomas G.N., et al. (2009). Modification by influenza on health effects of air pollution in Hong Kong. Environ Health Perspect, 117, 248–53.

Wooding, D.J., Ryu M.H., Huls A., Lee A.D., Lin D.T.S., Rider C.F., Yuen A.C.Y., Carlsten C. (2019). Particle depletion does not remediate acute effects of traffic-related air pollution and allergen. A randomized, double-blind crossover study, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 200(5), 565–574.

Wu J.T., Leung K., Leung G.M. (2020). Now casting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet, 395, 689–97.

Xie, Z.S., Fan C.L., Lu R., Liu P.X., Wang B.B., Du S.L., et al. (2018). Characteristics of ambient bio aerosols during haze episodes in China: a review. Environ. Pollut. 243, 1930e1942.

Xu, B., Kraemer Moritz U.G. (2020). Open access epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, The Lancet Infectious Diseases. doi. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30371

Yang, Z., et al., (2020). Acute effects of air pollution on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Wuhan, China. Atmospheric Environment, 225, 117358. doi. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117358

Yao, X., Ye F., Zhang M., et al. (2020). In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis, 9. doi. 10.1093/cid/ciaa237

Zhai Y., Li X., Wang T., Wang B., Li C., Zeng G., 2018. A review on airborne microorganisms in particulate matters: composition, characteristics and influence factors. Environ. Int. 113, 74e90.

Zhang Q., Zheng Y., Tong D., Shao M., Wang S., Zhang Y., Xu X., Wang J., He H., Liu W., Ding Y., Lei Y., Li J., Wang Z., Zhang X., Wang Y., Cheng J., Liu Y., Shi Q., Yan L., Geng G., Hong C., Li M., Liu F., Zheng B., Cao J., Ding A., Gao J., Fu Q., Huo J., Liu B., Liu Z., Yang F., He K., Hao J. (2019a). Drivers of improved PM2.5 air quality in China from 2013 to 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec, 116(49) 24463-24469. 10.1073/pnas.1907956116

Zhang, T., Li X., Wang M., Chen H., Yao M., (2019). Microbial aerosol chemistry characteristics in highly polluted air. Sci. China Chem. 62. doi. 10.1007/s11426-11019-19488-11423

Zhang, Y., Ding A., Mao H., We, N., Zhou D., Liu L. et al., 2016. Impact of synoptic weather patterns and inter-decadal climate variability on air quality in the North China Plain during 1980e2013. Atmos. Environ. 124, 119e128

Zheng, X.Y., H. Ding, L.N. Jiang, S.W. Chen, J.P. Zheng, M. Qiu, Y.X. Zhou, Q. Chen, W.J. Guan, (2015). Association between air pollutants and asthma emergency room visits and hospital admissions in time series studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, PloS One, 10(9), e0138146

Zhong, J., Zhang X., Dong Y., Wang Y., Wang J., Zhang Y., et al., (2018). Feedback effects of boundary-layer meteorological factors on explosive growth of PM2.5 during winter heavy pollution episodes in Beijing from 2013 to 2016. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 247e258.

Zhou, W. et al., (2005). Vitamin D is associated with improved survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14(10), 2303–2309

Zhu, N., Zhang D., Wang W., et al. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; published Feb 20. doi. 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017

Zhu, Y., Xie J. (2020). Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China, Science of the Total Environment, doi. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138201

Creative Commons License
This article licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license (4.0)

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.